measure the diameter of the opening (it looks to be 4 inches). Step 2: Look through the hole inside the drain to see if there’s an obvious clog. Plug the hole with a rag to catch falling pieces. First thing I'd do is clean the silt out of the feed into it, and try and keep that clear. This will remove silt and debris that. Here’s how: 1. It's possible the pipe has become damaged by roots. Pour a cup of baking soda and a cup of white vinegar down the drain. The responsibility of the check valve is to block drainage water flowing backwards to the sump pit. Buy a cheap snake from toolstation (cheap and flimsy housing but the wire is fine) for under £10 and run that down whilst running water through the drain, it will all flush out. There is sediment accumulated along the curb outside of the construction entrance. These branch drains are smaller pipes, usually 1 1/4 to 2 1/2 inches in diameter. A clogged drain often occurs when something is flushed down the toilet that shouldn't be, like Q-tips or feminine hygiene products. A hydro-jet uses 3000-4000 psi water to pressure wash the pipes from the inside. This should be done periodically to eliminate the possibility of clogs. None came. And that something is a clog in your downspout. Learn how to clear an outside drain blocked with mud or soil using home remedies or professional services. If you have installed crushed stone and filter fabric around the footing drain, you can install any type of free-draining material on the outside of the filter fabric. Old plumbing, improper flushing, Low water pressure, diposage of stuff into the toilet bowl and many more. A French drain is the term for any gravel-and-tile or gravel-and-pipe-based system. When you have a footing drain installed, it generally drains to either a storm sewer, sump pump, or to the surface. Keep the sump pump in a suitable container or bag to collect any water on the pump. Mix baking soda and vinegar if a buildup of grease is clogging your line. It might not just be your position to do this. What to expect from Dyno-Rod, your drainage and plumbing expert. A blocked stairwell drain can result in serious basement flooding. This gives a flow of around 0. Start by turning off the sump pump and detaching it from the electrical connection. Use a broom and dustpan or a wet-dry vac to collect the dirt and debris near your drain after a storm. Slip the end of the plumbing snake into the drain pipe. The chemical reaction that happens when the baking soda and vinegar. Unplug the softener. Shove a hose into one end of the pipe. Natural cleaners. The drain just outside our kitchen which the kitchen sink and dishwasher drains into is blocked, Ive scouped all of the silt and other stuff out from the bottom of the drain and tried caustic soda and drain cleaning stuff, Ive also tried feeding the hose down there and jetting it. What’s be best way to clear this? Get down there and pull out the silt then get some rods to break it up? I assume the in pipe is connected to other outside drains behind the house and the out is straight down through the blockage. If hot water doesn’t work, you can try using caustic soda, also known as sodium hydroxide. Use a plunger, taking care to use the correct plunger for the job, since a toilet plunger won’t work on a sink and vice-versa. All in all, corrugated drain pipe is super affordable. In general terms, there are only three things you could pour down the drain besides water to fix problems: A base (high pH), an acid (low pH), or an organic solvent. Since an outside kitchen drain that is clogged is not part of the public sewer system, it is your job to clear it. The vac will "suck" up the debris as you loosen the obstruction. Pick the sump pump up and turn it over to examine the impeller at the bottom of the pump. Spray carefully at first, in case it backs up, and then turn up the pressure to ensure that you clean drain pipe build up. Basement Systems' WaterGuard. However, while a main sewer line clog can cause a blocked drain, it cannot be completely dealt with through the internal cleanout. Insert the hose as far as you can into the drain opening. Water stains, moisture, leaks, or actual water entry inside the building. Run hot water down the drain (as above) 2. 002 inches) across. 2. Drain pipes should be positioned alongside the footing—the best spot is near its base. Last edited: Oct 18, 2020. With the correct well water sediment filter for the sediment present, there is a little pressure drop, and maintenance is kept to a minimum. Drainage grates are used to cap drainpipes, keeping debris out and helping to prevent clogged drains. Also, make sure to check the outside of the pipe for any cracks or breaks. Silting occurs in natural water systems, but in man-made water systems results through bad planning and construction. Luckily, this can usually be fixed with drain cleaning and hydro jetting, which should be done before using your system again or before the next rainstorm. The higher the pressure, the better. It could be a simple fix. How do I clear an outside drain blocked with fat? Boil a kettle full of water and, wearing long sleeve gloves, goggles and a mask, pour it down the outside drain being. Push it in until it meets the blockage and wiggle it about. Blocked drains and drain services in Edinburgh and the Lothians. To report a drainage problem or an illicit discharge/illegal dumping into the storm drainage system, dial 311 from any phone within the City of Atlanta, go to the ATL311 website at or use the 311 app from your cell phone. Here are the top causes of a blocked outside drain: 1: Build-up of sediment, debris and waste. Flushing With Water. Blocked drains outside can be caused by a variety of things, such as leaves, debris, grease, fat, foreign objects, silt, roots, collapsed pipes, dirt and sediment. A French drain pipe that's clogged with silt, sediment and other debris can clog and cause water to overflow or backup into the basement. 5. 005 centimeters (. You need gallons of it to clean a 110mm pipe, jetting is most likely best option. Install a Drain Cover or Grate. Dirt, grime, and sediment are likely to cause blockages in both shower and washing machine drains. IV. Steps For How to Clear A Main Sewer Line Clog. Drain tile surrounded with ≥ 6 in. Wish I'd got him in. Call 204-815-5886 today to speak. They should also record the amount of sediment or debris collected or removed. You don’t want to fix your aerator problem but find yourself unable to reassemble it, and you don’t want to have to deal with a clogged sink problem instead. The drain hose, as its name suggests, is the tube that drains the dirty water out of your dishwasher. If the pipe has two rows of holes, they should point down in the 4 and 8-o'clock position. Signs that you may have poor drainage are: Water in the basement. When this valve stops working, the sump pit gets blocked, and it can’t remove water from the basement. The next step of unclogging a sump pump will consist of removing extra sediment in the drain pipe. Many times, DIY attempts cannot solve the problem. storm drain systems, affecting overall structural integrity and making cleaning difficult. Silt can interfere with a drainage system’s ability to remove surface. After ward just tape up the hole in the hose. Method 2: Flushing with a Garden Hose and High-Pressure Nozzle. Another potential cause of low water pressure is clogged pipes. Step 1 – Find the End of the French Drain. . For 20-150mm Pipes. #2. Put on gloves. If I understand your post correctly, you used a washer shutoff and hooked it up to a water hose with normal water pressure, then went shutoff to shutoff and flushed each line? Try pouring a panful of boiling water down the sinks. Locate where the backflow preventer is in your basement then remove its cap. Insert the hose as far as you can into the drain opening. Provide 18-inches of sod around each finished lawn and yard drain. 3. Try hitting that area repeatedly to see if the clog breaks apart. The rod will become easier to move as the blockage. Here are the top causes of a blocked outside drain: 1: Build-up of sediment, debris and waste. A French drain is an underground drainage device. Or if the slope of the ground permits it, use a creek bed to drain a low spot. Solid. Sounds like silt, maybe from an old mains break or just poor water, I've a customer down here with the same problem, found when the washing machine water wasn't draining. We also like the Rockwell Labs InVade Bio Drain Gel. Before you even encounter such a hassle of a problem, however, you can help prolong the useful life of your dry. A clogged drain can be a main disturbance, but it generally happens to most homeowners at some time or another. Call 204-815-5886 today. Use a chlorine solution of a half cup of chlorine bleach to each gallon of water to disinfect the area thoroughly. 1. What made my discovery hard is that all drain pipes, including the possible. Outside drain blocked, water was flooding out during heavy rain. £2,419. If the water runs freely, the valve works. A dual-canister system will take care of your sediment problems, as well as taste and odor issues. Step 3: Let the drain valve open for an hour. Bucket: A bucket will help collect any water or debris that comes out of your drain during cleaning. I had heavy silt like this in my other house even though I had tubing with a geotextile sock. The methods of clearing an outside drain blocked with mud listed above can be effective at cleaning outside drains blocked with soil, silt or mud, but this does not mean they will always work. Ensure it is level and resting firmly in the center of the basin. Foundation Drain Tile Installation. Put on leather gloves for this task, as thin rubber gloves are dangerous as they can get caught in the coils and tighten around your hand. These devices also keep sediment from filling or clogging storm drain pipes, ditches, and downgradient sediment traps or ponds. The vac will "suck" up the debris as you loosen the obstruction. Clearing a blocked drain can seem like a straightforward endeavour and sometimes it is, however, this all. Urban landscapes (yards around houses and other areas within neighborhoods) are highly susceptible to increased rainfalls due to the presence of impervious areas (roofs, driveways, streets, sidewalks, etc. Putting vaseline around the edge can also help to create a better seal. It ain't shifting. To do a really good job, scrub the bottom with a wire brush. A 100′ roll of 4″ corrugated pipe (solid or perforated) will, at the time of this article, set you back roughly $50 to $75. Use a chlorine solution of a half cup of chlorine bleach to each gallon of water to disinfect the area thoroughly. Exterior French drains are installed outside the foundation in the “mud zone” and can easily clog. If the water hasn't drained away after you cleared out the grid and the gully, it means that the blockage must be further down the pipeline. You'll get a fixed-price, no obligation quote straight away. Storm Drains. Rotate the head by hand if using a manual drain snake, or turn on the electric snake or power. If the. A sump pump that’s clogged with sediment buildup doesn’t allow for proper water flow. Book a local engineer 24/7 365, at a time that suits you. 2. The silt will settle on the bottom of the pit and every year or so you'll have to cycle the pump to almost empty the pit, pull out the pump/bricks and clean out the silt into a bucket for proper disposal. If the crates used have inspection channels, jet washing, alongside a submersible pump can help remove any silt and debris build up. There is silt, mud, leaves and debris in the drain from the neighbouring fields. A drain snake is exactly as it sounds: a long, flexible plastic or metal wire with an attached auger at one end that’s inserted down the sink or tub drain. Because hair clumps together when wet, it’s the perfect drain clogging material. 19 Nov 2016. Build a creek bed to direct water away from a low spot in your yard. Our top pick, Drano Max Gel Clog Remover, is easy to find and use on common clogs, like hair, food, and grease. Using boiling water is the easiest way to clean up your clogged outside drain. Then line it with gravel or stones and add interest with boulders, a bridge or plantings. You may need to use a flat-head screwdriver to open it. Remove the retaining clip with needle nose pliers and take out the O-ring or cartridge. This type of foundation drain uses a perforated pipe that is laid beside the foundation wall structure. Excess water saturates the soil, gets muddy, and attracts bugs and pests. Encrustations in the catheter and/or tubing shedding into the bladder resulting in formation of stones. For clogged or blocked storm drains that are causing ponding water along city streets and intersections, contact Portland Bureau of Transportation 24/7 Maintenance Dispatch at 503-823-1700 or PDXroads@portlandoregon. avoids having sewers clogged with sediment. If you are building or renovating, keep sediment and construction waste away from drains. Chances are though, you aren't going to be able to reach down there and get it with your hand or your trowel; that's where the drain rod comes in. 1. How do I clear an outside drain blocked with fat? Boil a kettle full of water and, wearing long sleeve gloves, goggles and a mask, pour it down the outside drain being. This type of foundation drain uses a perforated pipe that is laid beside the foundation wall structure. Rock log-check dams. See moreInstructions Remove the Drain Grate. We used this procedure while cleaning leachate lines at the landfill where I worked. This will make removing any silt easier and ensure that no aquatic life is harmed during the process. Dead leaves can fall on top of the. 3) Use your drain rod. Learn how to unclog your outdoor. Yes, when baking soda and vinegar are combined the chemical reaction produces carbon dioxide gas (CO 2 ) which creates pressure in a closed container. Installing a simple grate or cover over the yard drain will help keep debris out of the drain and reduce the chances of it clogging. 3. Snaking the Drain. A silt fence is a temporary sediment barrier made of porous fabric. If this doesn’t work, try tying a rope around the cover to give you better leverage. And that something is a clog in your downspout. A professional plumber may use the outdoor drain cleanout as the main access point for expert cleaning services. Lots of readers ask about the pressure created during the vinegar/baking soda reaction and wonder if it will force a drain clog out. When this happens, water can’t drain properly, causing a backup in your. measure the diameter of the opening (it looks to be 4 inches). Rinse off to remove debris or blockages. This gel solution is extra-effective on drain flies and comes in a smaller container, making it good to keep around the kitchen. 24 hour service - No callout charge. 9Step 4 - Use a drain Rod. How to clear an outside drain blocked with mud or soil? Outside drains are often blocked by debris, mud, leaves and other hard substances that solidify once they dry. 4. Since sump pumps bring in water from outside your home, with it can come sediment that builds up over time. Method 2: Flushing with a Garden Hose and High-Pressure Nozzle. . Place the plunger so that it securely covers the drain, then fill the sink with enough water to rise halfway up the rubber cup. This will remove the blockage and promote the return of water flow. You can use a wet-dry shop vacuum or small container to scoop out the water. Then I glued a 1-1/2" to 2" transition to one end. Once the pipe has made its way through the culvert and pokes out of the other end, you will need to pull it out. 11,320 Reviews. Silt is made up of rock and mineral particles that are larger than clay but smaller than sand. The. Hair in your sink is the most common reason your bathroom sink keeps clogging. File or sand smooth the rough edges. The pressure will blow out any sediment stuck in the valve and help the tank drain faster. Dead grass, trees and plants suffocating/drowning. Avoid planting near pipes. washed or clean gravel and with gravel layer fully wrapped with fabric cloth. KIAB, Jan 13, 2019. Use a chisel to loosen the ring and the backflow ball, then grab your shop vacuum and suck up all the build up and sediment in the trap. No idea which it is but it was full to the brim with mud and crud. If you have a check valve that can be disassembled, carefully. Check to see if you solved the problem. Being non-plastic or having low plasticity because of its fineness, silt soil allows it to be formed into balls or any desired shape when wet. To clean your drain tile with a sewer jetter : Put on fluid resistant work gloves and eye protection. During heavy rainfall and icy conditions, drains may be slower to clear. Fit your garden house with a spray nozzle. You can use a wet-dry shop vacuum or small container to scoop out the water. Spray water in to clear black sludge in water pipes. Step 1: Fill up a few large buckets with water – preferably hot water if you suspect that more than just sand is taking over your pipes. Don't use your garden hose to wash debris into the driveway drain. Finally here's the replacement part enter link description here. Table II-4. DON’T ignore a clogged French drain. When a soakaway has blocked and flooded we can attend your property and provide a report. DO Inspect the French Drain. Read More: How to Clean Balcony Without Drain. There is a bit of black nastiness on the outside, but the inside is surprisingly white for something from a sewer pipe. The builder is doing just about everything right installing this drain tile. Scoop the Clog out with Your Hand. If the blockage is near the plug hole, a plunger can help to move or even draw it out. It consists of a perforated pipe surrounded by gravel and lined with sturdy landscape fabric. FUNKYDADDIO Posts: 550 Forumite. Grassy Swale. Flushing the pipe with plenty of water will remove any raw grout that is sticking inside the pipe. All of the. Shut off your water and/or bypass it around the softener. This is a plastic valve that controls fluid flow through your nephrostomy tube. 4. It may be blocked by soap, grease, domestic items or combinations of those items. Clogged Toilet. Leave it in a safe place to dry. An expert engineer will arrive with no call-out charge. It’s possible that you may not have an outdoor exit point at all. 4. Push into the clog until you feel it break through. My driveway slopes down towards the house from the road to the garage. Pour approximately 1 cup for every gallon of boiling water. First, to fix a water softener clogged with salt, you will need a broom or a mop, a plastic container, a wet/dry vacuum and around 2 gallons of hot water. Return the drain line and program a manual regeneration. Mix baking soda and vinegar if a buildup of grease is clogging your line. This explanation is consistent with the original post that the white chalk substance is from a kitchen drain pipe. Silt traps should be regularly checked and maintained to ensure their efficiency and prevent overflow of materials getting into the soakaway. There is one major cause that can end in extreme damages to pipes, and that is tree roots. These pipes, which at the. As with most solids, soil should never be flushed down the drain as this can cause clogging. After the combination has sat for 15 to 20 minutes, flush the drain with boiling hot water. Erosion around all roadside structures such as headwalls, sign posts, and guardrail posts. Plug the hole with a rag to catch falling pieces. Step 6. Pump your septic tank every two to three years. Oftentimes this will fix the problem and get your soakaway working again. place a small hole in the shop vac hose large enough to get the snake or a jetter hose. Don't use your garden hose to wash debris into the driveway drain. 2,763. Right now I have samples soaking in bleach and vinegar. Water flowing out over the top of the buried drain line during heavy rain. Almost all of our cold water lines are now clogged with gravel, sand, and dirt. However if all the drains in your house work slowly at the same time, then your problem is likely still outside the house. If that's happened to you, you'll need to dig up the clogged area to sever the root and then repair the pipe, or if it's a porous drain pipe, wrap it in a landscaping fabric. Limitations Several factors may limit the effectiveness of a storm drain cleaning program. Cleaning out a drain or soakaway. Mix it with three litres of cold water. The gully trap is where waste pipes from plumbing fixtures inside your house join the drain on the outside of the house. Turn the handle on the snake to break up the clog. 3. Clogged Water Pipes. Just put on a kettle full of tap water and boil it up. Give us a call on 01202 300040. Compressed air has been used for clearing blocked toilets, sinks, baths and showers for many years and ideal if the blockage is local to the trap, there are units on the market that use small canisters of compressed air or you can buy units you pump yourself to the required pressure. #1. Remove the sediment by the close of the. Drain tile level or sloped to discharge to outside grade (daylight) or to a sump pit with a pump. Rock salt: It’s almost as effective as copper sulphate but safe even for a septic. Turn off the stopcock to the drainage bag. 5. Having the right equipment will make the process easier and more efficient. Locate each catch basin and remove the drain cover, which is usually a metal or plastic grid set. 10 Aug 2007. Pipes will inevitably accumulate scale over time, usually from mineral deposits like silt, calcium and magnesium. Use baking soda: This chemical is one of the best methods in every how to unblock waste pipe guides, and the reason is apparent. Find a clean-out plug located on a large drainpipe in areas such as your basement, crawlspace, garage or near the foundation of your house. File or sand smooth the rough edges. Luckily, the water drained almost instantly, and the crisis was averted. The first way to avoid your interior basement drainage system getting clogged is to place the drain out of the mud zone. If it won't reach the sink, use an adapter to connect it to the sink faucet. A blocked toilet is relatively obvious. Replace the sump basins lid. How does a sewer jetter work? The Clog Hog drain cleaner is a sewer jetter that uses the force of pressurized water to pull itself through pipes, scrub the sides of dirty drains, break apart clogs and flush out residue. If your gutters regularly get. In many outdoor blocked drains, the causes are a simple build of leaves, debris, and silt. Essentially, it’s a slope or a trench, a big, long, and narrow one, and you can build it in a day or two with your own hands. Roots may damage or block underground pipes. If the main sewer drain is clogged, it can eventually back up all of the drains in the house, which is why such a clog can be so serious. It will allow the cold water to. Rope – A rope helps remove an outside drain cover when you need to unblock a drain pipe outdoors. After pulling out all the gunk and debris, run some hot water down the drain to clear the path. The perforations consist of thousands of tiny holes or slits that allow water to enter the pipe, and drain away from the foundation. 1. It can be stopped with leaves and other things from the outside or with coffee grounds or cleaning items from the inside. Alas, the only remedy for a clogged dry well is re-excavating and repacking the pit. Pipe walls catch those clumps on their way down and the more pressure the water in your drain exerts on hair, the harder it will clump together. For effectiveness, pour hot water, then add ½ cup of bicarbonate soda and 1½ cups of vinegar. When you’re sweeping up your garden, be mindful not to sweep the waste from your garden down the drain. We start by hydro scrubbing the main clean out in the ba. You may need to seal the hose over the drain line, so no air escapes. Make sure it slopes slightly and make any corrections necessary. A silt trap is a method of preventing silt from entering and damaging a soakaway, attenuation or sewer system. Since an outside kitchen drain that is clogged is not part of the public sewer system, it is your job to clear it. First, the pipe that exits your house is known as a drain. My Outside Drain is Blocked. Remove the plug with an. He should have 2 or 3 inches of gravel under the pipe. Wait 10 to 15 minutes before pouring the kettle of boiling water down the drain. The gully trap is where waste pipes from plumbing fixtures inside your house join the drain on the outside of the house. Key steps 1 Remove the grate cover. Lift the sump pump by the handle or. 4. Hold the drain under running water and massage out the blockage or kink. One frequent cause of backups is that a root from a tree or large bush has grown into the pipe. Classic Plunger Method: This is done by forcing air through the pipe to clear the clog. Boiling a pot of water and pouring it down the drain in stages can help to dissolve and flush away grease that has built up. For instance, a septic tank soakaway can become blocked: As a result of dip pipe or baffle issues in the septic tank. Drain Auger Method: Another method you can use to unblock your. When you have a footing drain installed, it generally drains to either a storm sewer, sump pump, or to the surface. Same as above, you would remedy this issue with a gutter cleaning. The drain outside the house is not exempted either. Lack of periodic pumping causes solids to be carried into the drainfield, clogging the pipes. . You can buy caustic soda in liquid or powder form at your local hardware store. When. Dislodge and flush away debris in the drain with high-pressure water. While small amounts of sediment are perfectly fine for most drains, it is easy to forget to shake clumps of excess dirt from heavily-soiled clothing before placing the clothing in the washing machine. Copper sulphate: This blue crystal that doubles as a natural herbicide. Step 4 - Use a drain Rod. Identify where you have standing water in your yard. Pour approximately 1 cup for every gallon of boiling water. Straighten out a wire coat hanger and bend one end over to create a small hook. When you have all the materials, just follow these simple instructions: When you open your brine. To be classified as silt, a particle must be less than . A grassy swale can help solve the issue. 3. Run the water for about three to five minutes, or until you are satisfied that the drain is clear. Unplug the softener. So how does one decipher whether their outside drain is blocked by soil, mud, dirt or any other outdoor. A common site for blockages, once a downpipe has become blocked, a host of issues can occur. The weep holes in the bottom of the pipe are relatively large to. Removing the Floor Drain. When it mixes with outdoor debris and reacts with the changing temperature outside, you have yourself a clog. Find out when to call a drainage engineer and what methods they use to unblock drains with mud. The 7 Most Popular Types of Yard Drains. Feed the drain rod into the drain and through the blockage, moving it around to break up the debris. it now drains away but only very very slowly. Use A Rubber Drain Bladder. Here are some of the tools you’ll need: 1. The purpose of a silt fence is to retain the soil on disturbed land, a construction site for example until the disturbance is over and vegetation and ground cover can be established to begin to stabilize the soil again. Mix 1⁄2 cup (120 mL) of baking soda with 1⁄2 cup (120 mL) of table salt. At times, the drain hose can get clogged with food debris, or folds or kinks in the hose can suppress water flow. If your washing machine or washer dryer won’t drain, you’re likely to see water in the drum and you won’t be able to open the door. Steps for cleaning sump pump drain pipe. I believe over the years the pipe has become partially blocked with leaves and silt. Step 1: Remove the Clean-Out Plug. Clean out. If there is no drainage system, have one installed. A CCTV drain survey will inspect the current condition of your drains, identify what’s causing the blockage and detect any damages to the pipe. Sediment, Dirt, and Mineralisation. drain that doesn’t have inlet protection. Check to see how far it goes before it is blocked. It has three openings. How to Clear a Clogged Drain. DON’T ignore a clogged French drain. of ½ to ¾ in. Its impossible to know without a whole lot more information about your specific circumstance. Postby DrFfybes » Mon Mar 27, 2023 4:20 pm. Clean Out Debris. Work this past the drain cover to remove any hair or gunk. Turn the handle on the snake to break up the clog. As with slow draining bathroom sinks, bath and shower drains generally get blocked up by clogs of hair and soap. Check dams are small temporary dams generally installed across a channel to slow the velocity of run-off. Find the nearest manhole cover to your trap drain, lift the cover off and set it aside. Clean Out Debris. Placing it over the plug, push it up and down a few times to create a suction. A perimeter drain includes a plastic or PVC perforated pipe installed underground, around the perimeter of the house. 1. Add the baking soda and pour it down the drain. If the drain is clogged with material that's close to a top opening, or if there's a solid clog like sticks or animal debris, try using a 1/2" manual drain auger to pull out or break apart the clog, and then try flushing out the material. Afterward, pour three cups of boiling water down the drain (flush everything out) Mix two teaspoons of vinegar and baking soda and use it to clean the hose opening to remove mineral deposits around it. Other points in the heating oil system can become clogged too: oil safety valves (OSVs), filters, the screen in the fuel unit, the fuel unit check valve and stop valve, and the oil burner nozzle itself. Drainage grates are used to cap drainpipes, keeping debris out and helping to prevent clogged drains. A jet nozzle provides the pulling and cleaning force.